Medieval Sourcebook:
Nennius:
Historia Brittonum, 8th century
Nennius was an eighth-century historian who is a
major source for tales of King Arthur. [see #56 below]. Unlike the much more careful Bede,
Nennius was, as one modern historian writes "unrestrainedly inventive" [ Gerhard
Herm, The Celts, [London, 1976], p. 275]. Not all of Nennius can be dismissed as he
apparently had access to no-longer available 5th century sources, but neither can he be
entirely trusted.
I. THE PROLOGUE.
1. NENINIUS, the lowly minister and servant of the servants of God, by the
grace of God, disciple of St. Elbotus, to all the followers of truth sendeth health.
Be it known to your charity, that being dull in intellect and rude of
speech, I have presumed to deliver these things in the Latin tongue, not trusting to my
own learning, which is little or none at all, but partly from traditions of our ancestors,
partly from writings and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of Britain, partly from the
annals of the Romans, and the chronicles of the sacred fathers, Isidore, Hieronymus,
Prosper, Eusebius, and from the histories of the Scots and Saxons, although our enemies,
not following my own inclinations, but, to the best of my ability, obeying the commands of
my seniors; I have lispingly put together this history from various sources, and have
endeavoured, from shame, to deliver down to posterity the few remaining ears of corn about
past transactions, that they might not be trodden under foot, seeing that an ample crop
has been snatched away already by the hostile reapers of foreign nations. For many things
have been in my way, and I, to this day, have hardly been able to understand, even
superficially, as was necessary, the sayings of other men; much less was I able in my own
strength, but like a barbarian, have I murdered and defiled the language of others. But I
bore about with me an inward wound, and I was indignant, that the name of my own people,
formerly famous and distinguished, should sink into oblivion, and like smoke be
dissipated. But since, however, I had rather myself be the historian of the Britons than
nobody, although so many are to be found who might much more satisfactorily discharge the
labour thus imposed on me; I humbly entreat my readers, whose ears I may offend by the
inelegance of my words, that they will fulfil the wish of my seniors, and grant me the
easy task of listening with candour to my history. For zealous efforts very often fail:
but bold enthusiasm, were it in its power, would not suffer me to fail. May, therefore,
candour be shown where the inelegance of my words is insufficient, and may the truth of
this history, which my rustic tongue has ventured, as a kind of plough, to trace out in
furrows, lose none of its influence from that cause, in the ears of my hearers. For it is
better to drink a wholesome draught of truth from a humble vessel, than poison mixed with
honey from a golden goblet
2. And do not be loath, diligent reader, to winnow my chaff, and lay up
the wheat in the storehouse of your memory:: for truth regards not who is the speaker, nor
in what manner it is spoken, but that the thing be true;; and she does not despise the
jewel which she has rescued from the mud, but she adds it to her former treasures.
For I yield to those who are greater and more eloquent than myself, who,
kindled with generous ardour, have endeavoured by Roman eloquence to smooth the jarring
elements of their tongue, if they have left unshaken any pillar of history which I wished
to see remain. This history therefore has been compiled from a wish to benefit my
inferiors, not from envy of those who are superior to me, in the 858th year of our Lord's
incarnation, and in the 24th year of Mervin, king of the Britons, and I hope that the
prayers of my betters will be offered up for me in recompence of my labour. But this is
sufficient by way of preface. I shall obediently accomplish the rest to the utmost of my
power.
II.-THE APOLOGY OF NENNIUS.
Here begins the apology of Nennius, the historiographer of the Britons, of
the race of the Britons.
3. I, Nennius, disciple of St. Elbotus, have endeavoured to write some
extracts which the dulness of the British nation had cast away, because teachers had no
knowledge, nor gave any information in their books about this island of Britain. But I
have got together all that I could find as well from the annals of the Romans as from the
chronicles of the sacred fathers, Hieronymus, Eusebius, Isidorus, Prosper, and from the
annals of the Scots and Saxons, and from our ancient traditions. May teachers and scribes
have attempted to write this, but somehow or other have abandoned it from its difficulty,
wither on account of frequent deaths, or the often recurring calamities of war. I pray
that every reader who shall read this book, may pardon me, for having attempted, like a
chattering jay, or like some weak witness, to write these things, after they had failed. I
yield to him who knows more of these things than I do.
III.-THE HISTORY
4,5. From Adam to the flood, are two thousand and forty-two years. From
the flood to Abraham, nine hundred and forty-two. From Abraham to Moses, six hundred. From
Moses to Solomon, and the first building of the temple, four hundred and forty-eight. From
Solomon to the rebuilding of the temple, which was under Darius, king of the Persians, six
hundred and twelve
6. The first age of the world is from Adam to Noah; the second from Noah
to Abraham; the third from Abraham to David; the fourth from David to Daniel; the fifth to
John the Baptist; the sixth from John to the judgment, when our Lord Jesus Christ will
come to judge the living and the dead, and the world by fire.
The first Julius. The second Claudius. The third Severus. The fourth
Carinus. The fifth Constantius. The sixth Maximus The seventh Maximianus. The eighth
another Severus AEquantius. The ninth Constantius.
Here beginneth the history of the Britons, edited by Mark the anchorite, a
holy bishop of that people.
7. The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a Roman consul.
Taken from the south-west point it inclines a little towards the west, and to its northern
extremity measures eight hundred miles, and is in breadth two hundred. It contains
thirty-three cities, viz.
1. Cair ebrauc (York)
2. Cair ceint (Canterbury)
3. Cair gurcoc (Anglesey)
4. Cair guorthegern
5. Cair custeint (Carnarvon)
6. Cair guoranegon (Worcester)
7. Cair segeint (Silchester)
8. Cair guin truis (Norwhich?)
9. Cair merdin (Caermarthen)
10. Cair peris (Porchester)
11. Cair lion (Caerleon-upon-Usk)
12. Cair mencipit (Verulam)
13. Cair caratauc (Catterick)
14. Cair ceri (Cirencester)
15. Cair gloui (Gloucester)
16. Cair lullid (Carlisle)
17. Cair grant (Cambridge) |
18. Cair daun (Doncaster)
19. Cair britoc (Bristol)
20. Cair meguaid (Meivod)
21. Cair mauiguid (Manchester)
22. Cair ligion (Chester?)
23. Cair guent (Caerwent?)
24. Cair collon (Colchester?)
25. Cair londein (London)
26. Cair Guorcon (Worren?)
27. Cair lerion (Leicester)
28. Cair draithou (Drayton)
29. Cair ponsavelcoit (Pevenscy) 30. Cairteimm (Teyn-Grace)
31. Cair Urnahc (Wroxster)
32. Cair colemion1
33. Cair loit coit (Lincoln) |
1 - In the J.A. Giles translation, this is
identified as "Camalet, in Somersetshire."
These are the names of the ancient cities of the island of Britain. It has
also a vast many promontories, and castles innumerable, built of brick and stone. Its
inhabitants consist of four different people; the Scots, the Picts, the Saxons, and the
ancient Britons.
8. Three considerable islands belong to it; one, on the south, opposite
the Armorican shore, called Wight; another between Ireland and Britain, called Eubonia or
Man;; and another directly north, beyond the Picts, named Orkney; and hence it was
anciently a proverbial expression, in reference to its kings and rulers, "He reigned
over Britain and its three islands."
9. It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in all
directions, to the east and west, to the south and north; but there are two pre-eminently
distinguished among the rest, the Thames and the Severn, which formerly, like the two arms
of Britain, bore the ships employed in the conveyance of the riches acquired by commerce.
The Britons were once very populous, and exercised extensive dominion from sea to sea.
10.Respecting the period when this island became inhabited subsequently to
the flood, I have seen two distinct relations. According to the annals of Roman history,
the Britons deduce their origin both from the Greeks and Romans. On the side of the
mother, from Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and of the race of Silvanus,
the son of Inachus, the son of Dardanus; who was the son of Saturn, king of the Greeks,
and who, having possessed himself of a part of Asia, built the city of Troy. Dardanus was
the father of Troius, who was the father of Priam and Anchises; Anchises was the father of
Aeneas, who was the father of Ascanius and Silvius; and this Silvius was the son of Aeneas
and Lavinia, the daughter of the king of Italy. From the sons of Aeneas and Lavinia
descended Romulus and Remus, who were the sons of the holy queen Rhea, and the founders of
Rome. Brutus was consul when he conquered Spain, and reduced that country to a Roman
province he afterwards subdued the island of Britain, whose inhabitants were the
descendants of the Romans, from Silvius Posthumus. He was called Posthumus because he was
born after the death of Aeneas his father; and his mother Lavinia concealed herself during
her pregnancy; he was called Silvius, because he was born in a wood. Hence the Roman kings
were called Silvan, and the Britons who sprang from him; but they were called Britons from
Brutus, and rose from the family of Brutus.
AEneas, after the Trojan war, arrived with his son in Italy; and having
vanquished Turnus, married Lavinia, the daughter of king Latinus, who was the son of
Faunus, the son of Picus, the son of Saturn. After the death of Latinus, Aeneas obtained
the kingdom of the Romans, and Lavinia brought forth a son, who was named Silvius.
Ascanius founded Alba, and afterwards married And Lavinia bore to Aeneas a son named
Silvius; But Ascanius married a wife, who conceived and became pregnant. And Aeneas,
having been informed that his daughter-in-law was pregnant, ordered his son to send his
magician to examine his wife, whether the child conceived were male or female. The
magician came and examined the wife and pronounced it to be a son, who should become the
most valiant among the Italians, and the most beloved of all men. In consequence of this
prediction, the magician was put to death by Ascanius; but it happened that the mother of
the child dying at its birth, he was named Brutus; and after a certain interval agreeably
to what the magician had foretold, whilst he was playing with some others he shot his
father with an arrow, not intentionally but by accident. He was, for this cause, expelled
from Italy, and came to the islands of the Tyrrhene sea, when he was exiled on account of
the death of Turnus, slain by Aeneas. He then went among the Gauls, and built the city of
Turones, called Turnis. At length he came to this island, named from him Britannia, dwelt
there, and filled it with his own descendants, and it has been inhabited from that time to
the present period.
11. AEneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius thirty-three
years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve yeaars, and Posthumus thirty-nine years: the
latter, from whom the kings of Alba are called Silvan, was brother to Brutus, who governed
Britain at the time Eli the high-priest judged Israel, and when the Ark of the covenant
was taken by a foreign people. But Posthumus his brother reigned among the Latins.
12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred years, came the
Picts, and occupied the Orkney Islands: whence they laid waste many regions, and seized
those on the left hand side of Britain, where they still remain, keeping possession of a
third part of Britain to this day.
13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from Spain. The first
that came was Partholomus, with a thousand men and women, these increased to four
thousand; but a mortality coming suddenly upon them, they all perished in one week. The
second was Nimech, the son of
..who, according to report, after having his ships
shattered, arrived at a port in Ireland, and continuing there several years, returned at
length with his followers to Spain. After these came three sons of a Spanish soldier with
thirty ships, each of which contained thirty wives; and having remained there during the
space of a year, there appeared to them, in the middle of the sea, a tower of glass, the
summit of which seemed covered with men, to whom they often spoke, but received no answer.
At length they determined to besiege the tower; and after a year's preparation, advanced
towards it, with the whole number of their ships, and all the women, one ship only
excepted, which had been wrecked, and in which were thirty men, and as many women; but
when all had disembarked on the shore which surrounded the tower, the sea opened and
swallowed them up. Ireland, however, was peopled, to the present period, from the family
remaining in the vessel which was wrecked. Afterwards, others came from Spain, and
possessed themselves of various parts of Britain.
14. Last of all came one Hoctor, who continued there, and whose
descendants remain there to this day. Istoreth, the son of Istorinus, with his followers,
held Dalrieta; Build had the island Eubonia, and other adjacent places. The sons of
Liethali obtained the country of Dimetae, where is a city called Menavia and the province
Guiher and Cetgueli, which they held till they were expelled from every part of Britain,
by Cunedda and his sons.
15. According to the most learned among the Scots, if any one desires to
learn what I am now going to state, Ireland was a desert, and uninhabited, when the
children of Israel crossed the Red Sea, in which, as we read in the Book of the Law, the
Egyptians who followed them were drowned. At that period, there lived among this people,
with a numerous family a Scythian of noble birth, who had been banished from his country,
and did not go to pursue the people of God. The Egyptians who were left, seeing the
destruction of the great men of their nation, and fearing lest he should possess himself
of their territory, took counsel together, and expelled him. Thus reduced, he wandered
forty-two years in Africa, and arrived with his family at the altars of the Philistines,
by the Lake of Osiers. Then passing between Rusicada and the hilly country of Syria, they
travelled by the river Malva through Mauritania as far as the Pillars of Hercules; and
crossing the Tyrrhene Sea, landed in Spain, where they continued many years, having
greatly increased and multiplied Thence, a thousand and two years after the Egyptians were
lost in the Red Sea, they passed into Ireland, and the district of Dalrieta. At that
period, Brutus, who first exercised the consular office, reigned over the Romans; and the
state, which before was governed by regal power, was afterwards ruled, during four hundred
and forty-seven years, by consuls, tribunes of the people, and dictators.
The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; and in the
fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland.
The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided with the means
of defence, were unanimously and incessantly attacked, both by the Scots from the west,
and by the Picts from the north. A long interval after this, the Romans obtained the
empire of the world.
16. From the first arrival of the Saxons into Britain, to the fourth year
of king Mermenus, are computed four hundred and twenty-eigtht years; from the nativity of
our Lord to the coming of St. Patrick among the Scots, four hundred and five years; from
the death of St. Patrick to that of St. Bridget, forty years; and from the birth of
Columcille to the death of St. Bridget four years.
17. I have learned another account of this Brutus from the ancient books
of our ancestors. After the deluge, the three sons of Noah severally occupied three
different parts of the earth: Shem extended his borders into Asia, Ham into Africa, and
Japheth into Europe.
The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons,
Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio. Hisicion had four sons, Francus, Romanus, Alamanus, and
Bruttus. Armenon had five sons, Gothus, Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus.
Neugio had three sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus. From Hisicion arose four nations__the
Franks, the Latins, the Germans, and Britons: from Armenon, the Gothi, Valagothi, Cibidi,
Burgundi, and Longobardi:: from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, Saxones, and Tarincgi. The
whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.
Alanus is said to have been the son of Fethuir; Fethuir, the son of
Ogomuin, who was the son oof Thoi; Thoi was the son of Boibus, Boibus off Semion, Semion
of Mair, Mair of Ecthactus, Ecthactus of Aurthack, Aurthack of Ethec, Ethec of Ooth, Ooth
of Aber, Aber of Ra, Ra of Esraa, Esraa of Hisrau, Hisrau of Bath, Bath of Jobath, Jobath
of JJoham, Joham of Japheth, Japheth of Noah, Noah of Lamech, Lamech of Mathusalem,
Mathusalem of Enoch, Enoch of Jared, Jared of Malalehel, Malalehel of Cainan, Cainan of
Enos, Enos of Seth, Seth of Adam, and Adam was formed by the living God. We have obtained
this information respecting the original inhabitants of Britain from ancient tradition.
18. The Britons were thus called from Brutus: Brutus was the son of
Hisicion, Hisicion was the son of Alanus, Alanus was the son of Rehea Silvia, Rhea Silvvia
was the daughter of Numa Pompilius, Numa was the son of Ascanius, Ascanius of Eneas, Eneas
of Anchises, Anchises of Troius, Troius of Dardanus, Dardanus of Flisa, Flisa of Juuin,
Juuin of Japheth; but Japheth had seven sons; from the first, named Gomer, descended the
Galli; from the second, Magog, the Scythi and Gothi; from the third, Madian, the Medi;
from the fourth, Juuan, the Greeks; from the fifth, Tubal, arose the Hebrei, Hispani, and
Itali; from the sixth, Mosoch, sprung the Cappadoces; and from the seventh, named Tiras,
descended the Thraces: these are the sons of Japheth, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech.
19. The Romans having obtained the dominion of the world, sent legates or
deputies to the Britons to demand of them hostages and tribute, which they received from
all other countries and islands; but they, fierce, disdainful, and haughty, treated the
legation with contempt.
Then Julius Caesar, the first who had acquired absolute power at Rome,
highly incensed against the Britons, sailed with sixty vessels to the mouth of the Thames,
where they suffered shipwreck whilst he fought against Dolobellus, (the proconsul of the
British king, who was called Belinus, and who was the son of Minocannus who governed all
the islands of the Tyrrhene Sea), and thus Julius Caesar returned home without victory,
having had his soldiers slain, and his ships shattered.
Julius was the first exercising supreme power over the Romans who invaded
Britain: in honour of him the Romans decreed the fifth month to be called after his name.
He was assassinated in the Curia, in the ides of March, and Octavius Augustus succeeded to
the empire of the world. He was the only emperor who received tribute from the Britons,
according to the following verse of Virgil:
"Purpurea intexti tollunt aulaea Britanni."
21. The second after him, who came into Britain, was the emperor Claudius,
who reigned forty-seven years after the birth of Christ. He carried with him war and
devastation; and, though not without loss of men, he at length conquered Britain. He next
sailed to the Orkneys, which likewise conquered, and afterwards rendered tributary. No
tribute was in his time received from the Britons; but it was paid to British emperors. He
reigned thirteen years and eight months. His monument is to be seen at Moguntia (among the
Lombards), where he died in his way to Rome.
22. After the birth of Christ, one hundred and sixty-seven years, king
Lucius, with all the chiefs of the British people, received baptism, in consequence of a
legation sent by the Roman emperors and pope Evaristus.
23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to Britain, where, to
protect the provinces recovered from barbaric incursions, he ordered a wall and a rampart
to be made between the Britons, the Scots, and the Picts, extending across the island from
sea to sea, in length one hundred and thirty-three miles: and it is called in the British
language, Gwal. Moreover, he ordered it to be made between the Britons, and the Picts and
Scots; for the Scots from the west, and the Picts from the north, unanimously made war
against the Britons; but were at peace among themselves. Not long after Severus dies in
Britain.
24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Carausius, who, incensed at the
murder of Severus, passed into Britain, and attended by the leaders of the Roman people,
severely avenged upon the chiefs and rulers of the Britons, the cause of Severus.
25. The fifth was Constantius the father of Constantine the Great. He died
in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears by the inscription on his tomb, is still seen
near the city named Cair segont (near Carnarvon). Upon the pavement of the above-mentioned
city he sowed three seeds of gold, silver, and brass, that no poor person might ever be
found in it. It is also called Minmanton.
26. Maximianus was the sixth emperor that ruled in Britain. It was in his
time that consuls began, and that the appellation of Caesar was discontinued: at this
period also, St. Martin became celebrated for his virtues and miracles, and held a
conversation with him.
27. The seventh emperor was Maximus. He withdrew from Britain with all his
military force, slew Gratian, the king of the Romans, and obtained the sovereignty of all
Europe. Unwilling to send back his warlike companions to their wives, children and
possessions in Britain, he conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake on the
summit of Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to the western Tumulus, that is,
to Cruc Occident. These are the Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present day.
In consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by foreign nations, the lawful
heirs were cast out, till God interposed with his assistance. We are informed by the
tradition of our ancestors that seven emperors went into Britain, though the Romans affirm
there were nine
The eighth was another Severus, who lived occasionally in Britain, and
sometimes at Rome, where he died.
The ninth was Constantius who reigned sixteen years in Britain, and,
according to report, was treacherously murdered in the seventeenth year of his reign.
28. Thus, agreeably to the account given by the Britons, the Romans
governed them four hundred and nine year. After this, the Britons despised the authority
of the Romans, equally refusing to pay them tribute, or to receive their kings; nor durst
the Romans any longer attempt the government of a country, the natives of which massacred
their deputies.
29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximus. Gratian, with his brother
Valentinian, reigned seven years. Ambrose, bisho;p of Milan, was then eminent for his
skill in the dogmata of the Catholics. Valentinianus and Theodosius reigned eight years.
At that time a synod was held at Constantinople, attended by three hundred and fifty of
the fathers, and in which all heresies were condemned. Jerome, the presbyter of Bethlehem,
was then universally celebrated. Whilst Gratian exercised supreme dominion over the world,
Maximus, in a sedition of the soldiers, was saluted emperor in Britain, and soon after
crossed the sea to Gaul. At Paris, by the treachery of Mellobaudes, his master of the
horse, Gratian was defeated, and fleeing to Lyons, was taken and put to death; Maximus
afterwards associated his son Victor in the government.
Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this period bishop of
Tours. After a considerable space of time, Maximus was divested of royal power by the
consuls Valentinianus and Theodosius, and sentenced to be beheaded at the third mile-stone
from Aquileia:; in the same year also his son Victor was killed in Gaul by Arbogastes,
five thousand six hundred and ninety years from the creation of the world.
30. Thrice were the Roman deputies put to death by the Britons, and yet
these, when harassed by the incursions of the barbarous nations, viz. Of the Scots and
Picts, earnestly solicited the aid of the Romans. To give effect to their entreaties,
ambassadors were sent, who made their entrance with impressions of deep sorrow, having
their heads covered with dust, and carrying rich presents to expiate the murder of the
deputies. They were favourably received by the consuls, and swore submission to the Roman
yoke with whatever severity it might be imposed.
The Romans, therefore, came with a powerful army to the assistance of the
Britons; and having appointed over them a ruler, and settled the government, returned to
Rome: and this took place alternately during the space of three hundred and forty-eight
years. The Britons, however, from the oppression of the empire, again massacred the Roman
deputies, and again petitioned for succour. Once more the Romans undertook the government
of the Britons, and assisted them in repelling their neighbours;; and, after having
exhausted the country of its gold, silver, brass, honey, and costly vestments, and having
besides received rich gifts, they returned in great triumph to Rome.
31. After the above-said war between the Britons and Romans, the
assassination of their rulers, and the victory of Maximus, who slew Gratian, and the
termination of the Roman power in Britain, they were in alarm forty years. Vortigern then
reigned in Britain. In his time, the natives had cause of dread, not only from the inroads
of the Scots and Picts, but also from the Romans, and their apprehensions of Ambrosius.
In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, arrived in Britain.
They were commanded by Horsa and Hengist, brothers, and sons of Wihtgils. Wihtgils was the
son of Witta; Witta of Wecta; Wecta of Woden; Woden of Frithowald; Frithowald of
Frithuwulf; Frithuwulf of Finn; Finn of Godwulf; Godwulf of Geat, who, as they say, was
the son of a god, not of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ (who before the
beginning of the world, was with the Father and the Holy Spirit, co-eternal and of the
same substance, and who, in compassion to human nature, disdained not to assume the form
of a servant), but the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon,
they worshipped according to the custom of the heathen. Vortigern received them as
friends, and delivered up to them the island which is in their language called Thanet,
and, by the Britons, Ruym. Gratianus AEquantius at that time reigned in Rome. The Saxons
were received by Vortigern four hundred and forty-seven years after the passion of Christ,
and, according to the tradition of our ancestors, from the period of their first arrival
in Britain, to the first year of the reign of king Edmund, five hundred and forty-two
years; and to that in which we now write, which is the fifth of his reign, five hundred
and forty-seven years.
32. At that time St. Germanus, distinguished for his numerous virtues,
came to preach in Britain: by his ministry many were saved; but many likewise died
unconverted. Of the various miracles which God enabled him to perform, I shall here
mention only a few: I shall first advert to that concerning an iniquitous and tyrannical
king, named Bennlli. The holy man, informed of his wicked conduct, hastened to visit him,
for the purpose of remonstrating with him. When the man of God, with his attendants,
arrived at the gate of the city, they were respectfully received by the keeper of it, who
came out and saluted them. Him they commissioned to communicate their intention to the
king, who returned a harsh answer, declaring, with an oath, that although they remained
there a year, they should not enter the city. While waiting for an answer, the evening
came on, and they knew not where to go. At length, came one of the king's servants, who
bowing himself before the man of God, announced the words of the tyrant, inviting the, at
the same time, to hi own house, to which they went, and were kindly received. It happened,
however, that he had no cattle, except one cow and a calf, the latter of which, urged by
generous hospitality to his guests, he killed, dressed and set before them. But holy St.
Germanus ordered his companions not to break a bone of the calf; and, the next morning, it
was found alive uninjured, and standing by its mother.
33. Early the same day, they again went to the gate of the city, to
solicit audience of the wicked king; and, whilst engaged in fervent prayer they were
waiting for admission, a man, covered with sweat, came out, and prostrated himself before
them. Then St. Germanus, addressing him, said, "Dost thou believe in the Holy
Trinity?" To which the man having replied, "I do believe," he baptized, and
kissed him, saying, "Go in peace; within this hour thou shalt die: the angels of God
are waiting for thee in the air; with them thou shalt ascend to that God in whom thou hast
believed." He, overjoyed, entered the city, and being met by the prefect, was seized,
bound, and conducted before the tyrant, who having passed sentence upon him, he was
immediately put to death; for it was a law of this wicked king, that whoever was not at
his labour before sun-rising should be beheaded in the citadel. In the meantime, St.
Germanus, with his attendants, waited the whole day before the gate, without obtaining
admission to the tyrant.
34. The man above-mentioned, however, remained with the. "Take
care," said St. Germanus to him, "that none of your friends remain this night
within these walls. Upon this he hastily entered the city, brought out his nine sons, and
with them retired to the house where he had exercised such generous hospitality. Here St.
Germanus ordered them to continue, fasting; and when the gates were shut,
"Watch," said he, "and whatever shall happen in the citadel, turn not
thither your eyes; but pray without ceasing, and invoke the protection of the true
God." And, behold, early in the night, fire fell from heaven, and burned the city,
together with all those who were with the tyrant, so that not one escaped; and that
citadel has never been rebuilt even to this day
35. The following day, the hospitable man who had been converted by the
preaching of St. Germanus, was baptized, with his sons, and all the inhabitants of that
part of the country; and St Germanus blessed him, saying, "a king shall not be
wanting of thy seed for ever." The name of this person is Catel Drunluc: "from
henceforward thou shalt be a king all the days of thy life." Thus was fulfilled the
prophecy of the Psalmist: "He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the
needy out of the dunghill." And agreeably to the prediction of St. Germanus, from a
servant he became a king: all his sons were kings, and from their offspring the whole
country of Powys has been governed to this day.
36. After the Saxons had continued some time in the island of Thanet,
Vortigern promised to supply them with clothing and provision, on condition they would
engage to fight against the enemies of his country. But the barbarians having greatly
increased in number, the Britons became incapable of fulfilling their engagement; and when
the Saxons, according to the promise they had received, claimed a supply of provisions and
clothing, the Britons replied, "Your number is increased; your assistance is now
unnecessary; you may, therefore, return home, for we can no longer support you;" and
hereupon they began to devise means of breaking the peace between them.
37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, perceiving he had
to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating people, incapable of opposing much
resistance, replied to Vortigern, "We are, indeed, few in number; but, if you will
give us leave, we will send to our country for an additional number of forces, with whom
we will fight for you and your subjects." Vortigern assenting to this proposal,
messengers were despatched to Scythia, where selecting a number of warlike troops, they
returned with sixteen vessels, bringing with them the beautiful daughter of Hengist. And
now the Saxon chief prepared an entertainment, to which he invited the king, his officers,
and Ceretic, his interpreter, having previously enjoined his daughter to serve them so
profusely with wine and ale, that they might soon become intoxicated. This plan succeeded;
and Vortigern, at the instigation of the devil, and enamoured with the beauty of the
damsel, demanded her, through the medium of his interpreter, of the father, promising to
give for her whatever he should ask. Then Hengist, who had already consulted with the
elders who attended him of the Oghgul race, demanded for his daughter the province, called
in English Centland, in British, Ceint, (Kent.). This cession was made without the
knowledge of the king, Guoyrancgonus who then reigned in Kent, and who experienced no
inconsiderable share of grief, from seeing his kingdom thus clandestinely, fraudulently,
and imprudently resigned to foreigners. Thus the maid was delivered up to the king, who
slept with her, and loved her exceedingly.
38. Hengist, after this, said to Vortigern, "I will be to you both a
father and an adviser; despise not my counsels, and you shall have no reason to fear being
conquered by any man or any nation whatever; for the people of my country are strong,
warlike, and robust: if you approve, I will send for my son and his brother, both valiant
men who at my invitation will fight against the Scots, and you can give them the countries
in the north, near the wall called "Gual." The incautious sovereign having
assented to this, Octa and Ebusa arrived with forty ships. In these they sailed round the
country of the Picts, laid waste the Orkneys, and took possession of many regions, even to
the Pictish confines.
39. In the meantime, Vortigern, as if desirous of adding to the evils he
had already occasioned, married his own daughter, by whom he had a son. When this was made
known to St. Germanus, he came, with all the British clergy, to reprove him: and whilst a
numerous assembly of the ecclesiasties and laity were in consultation, the weak king
ordered his daughter to appear before the, and in the presence of all to present her son
to St. Germanus, and declare that he was the father of the child. The immodest woman
obeyed; and St. Germanus, taking the childc said, "I will be a father to you, my son;
nor will I dismiss you till a razor, scissors, and comb, are given to me, and it is
allowed you to give them to your carnal father." The child obeyed St. Germanus, and
going to his father Vortigern, said to him, "Thou are my father; shave and cut the
hair of my head." The king blushed, and was silent; and, without replying to the
child, arose in great anger, and fled from the presence of St. Germanus, execrated and
condemned by the whole synod.
40. But soon after calling together his twelve wise men, to consult what
was to be done, they said to him, "Retire to the remote boundaries of your kingdom;
there build and fortify a city todefend yourself, for the people you have received are
treacherous; they are seeking to subdue you by stratagem, and, even during your life, to
seize upon all the countries subject to your power, how much more will they attempt, after
your death!" The king, pleased with this advice, departed with his wise men, and
travelled through many parts of his territories, in search of a place convenient for the
purpose of building a citadel. Having, to no purpose, travelled far and wide, they came at
length to a province called Guenet; and having surveyed the mountains of Heremus, they
discovered, on the summit of one of them, a situation, adapted to the construction of a
citadel. Upon this, the wise men said to the king, "Build here a city; for, in this
place, it will ever be secure against the barbarians." Then the king sent for
artificers, carpenters, stone-masons, and collected all the materials requisite to
building; but the whole of these disappeared in one night, so that nothing remained of
what had been provided for the constructing of the citadel. Materials were, therefore,
from all parts, procured a second and third time, and again vanished as before, leaving
and rendering every effort ineffectual. Vortigern inquired of his wise men the cause of
this opposition to his undertaking, and of so much useless expense of labour? They
replied, "You must find a child born without a father, put him to death, and sprinkle
with his blood the ground on which the citadel is to be built, or you will never
accomplish your purpose."
41. In consequence of this reply, the king sent messengers throughout
Britain, in search of a child born without a father. After having inquired in all the
provinces, they came to the field of Aelecti, in the district of Glevesing, where a party
of boys were playing at ball. And two of them quarrelling, one said to the other,
"" boy without a father, no good will ever happen to you." Upon this, the
messengers diligently inquired of the mother and the other boys, whether he had had a
father? Which his mother denied, saying, "In what manner he was conceived I know not,
for I have never had intercourse with any man;" and then she solemnly affirmed that
he had no mortal father. The boy was, therefore, led away, and conducted before Vortigern
the king.
42. A meeting took place the next day for the purpose of putting him to
death. Then the boy said to the king, "Why have your servants brought me
hither?" "That you may be put to death," replied the king, "and that
the ground on which my citadel is to stand, may be sprinkled with your blood, without
which I shall be unable to build it." "Who," said the boy, "instructed
you to do this?" "My wise men," answered the king. "Order them
hither," returned the boy; this being complied with, he thus questioned them:
"By what means was it revealed to you that this citadel could not be built, unless
the spot were previously sprinkled with my blood? Speak without disguise, and declare who
discovered me to you;" then turning to the king, "I will soon," said he,
"unfold to you every thing; but I desire to question your wise men, and wish them to
disclose to you what is hidden under this pavement:" they acknowledging their
ignorance, "there is," said he, "a pool; come and dig:" they did so,
and found the pool. "Now," continued he, "tell me what is in it;" but
they were ashamed, and made no reply. "I," said the boy, "can discover it
to you: there are two vases in the pool;" they examined, and found it so: continuing
his questions, "What is in the vases?" they were silent: "There is a tent
in them," said the boy; "separate them, and you shall find it so;" this
being done by the king's command, there was found in them a folded tent. The boy, going on
with his questions, asked the wise men what was in it? But they not knowing what to reply,
"There are," said he, "two serpents, one white and the other red; unfold
the tent;" they obeyed, and two sleeping serpents were discovered; "consider
attentively," said the boy, "what they are doing." The serpents began to
struggle with each other; and the white one, raising himself up, threw down the other into
the middle of the tent and sometimes drove him to the edge of it; and this was repeated
thrice. At length the red one, apparently the weaker of the two, recovering his strength,
expelled the white one from the tent; and the latter being pursued through the pool by the
red one, disappeared. Then the boy, asking the wise men what was signified by this
wonderful omen, and they expressing their ignorance, he said to the king, "I will now
unfold to you the meaning of this mystery. The pool is the emblem of this world, and the
tent that of your kingdom: the two serpents are two dragons; the red serpent is your
dragon, but the white serpent is the dragon of the people who occupy several provinces and
districts of Britain, even almost from sea to sea: at length, however, our people shall
rise and drive away ;the Saxon race from beyond the sea, whence they originally came; but
do you depart from this place, where you are not permitted to erect a citadel; I, to whom
fate has allotted this mansion, shall remain here; whilst to you it is incumbent to seek
other provinces, where you may build a fortress." "What is your name?"
asked the king; "I am called Ambrose (in British Embresguletic)," returned the
boy; and in answer to the king's question, "What is your origin?" he replied,
"A Roman consul was my father." Then the king assigned him that city, with all
the western provinces of Britain; and departing with his wise men to the sinistral
district, he arrived in the region named Gueneri, where he build a city which, according
to his name was called Cair Guorthegirn.
43. At length Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, valiantly fought against
Hengist, Horsa, and his people; drove them to the isle of Thanct, and thrice enclosed them
with it, and beset them on the western side. The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany
to solicit large reinforcements, and an additional number of ships: having obtained these,
they fought against the kings and princes of Britain, and sometimes extended their
boundaries by victory, and sometimes were conquered and driven back.
44. Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the enemy; the first has
been mentioned, the second was upon the river Darent, the third at the Ford, in their
language called Epsford, though in ours Set thirgabail, there Horsa fell, and Catigern,
the son of Vortigern; the fourth battle he fought, was near the stone on the shore of the
Gallic sea, where the Saxons being defeated, fled to their ships.
After a short interval Vortimer died; before his decease, anxious for the
future prosperity of his country, he charged his friends to inter his body at the entrance
of the Saxon port, viz. Upon the rock where the Saxons first landed; "for
though," said he, "they may inhabit other parts of Britain, yet if you follow my
commands, they will never remain in this island." They imprudently disobeyed this
last injunction, and neglected to bury him where he had appointed.
45. After this the barbarians became firmly incorporated, and were
assisted by foreign pagans; for Vortigern was their friend, on account of the daughter of
Hengist, whom he so much loved, that no one durst fight against him__in the meantime they
soothed the imprudent king, and whilst practicing every appearance of fondness were
plotting with his enemies. And let him that reads understand, that the Saxons were
victorious, and ruled Britain, not from their superior prowess, but on account of the
great sins of the Britons: God so permitting it.
For what wise man will resist the wholesome counsel of God? The Almighty
is the King of kings, and the Lord of lords, ruling and judging every one, according to
his own pleasure.
After the death of Vortimer, Hengist being strengthened by new accessions,
collected his ships, and calling his leaders together, consulted by what stratagem they
might overcome Vortigern and his army; with insidious intention they sent messengers to
the king, with offers of peace and perpetual friendship; unsuspicious of treachery, the
monarch, after advising with his elders, accepted the proposals.
46. Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared an
entertainment, to which he invited the king, the nobles, and military officers, in number
about three hundred; speciously concealing his wicked intention, he ordered three hungred
Saxons to conceal each a knife under his feet, and to mix with the Britons; "and
when,"said he, "they are sufficiently inebriated, &c.cry out, ''Nimed eure
Saxes,''then let each draw his knife, and kill his man; but spare the king on account of
his marriage with my daughter, for it is better that he should be ransomed than
killed."
The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and mixing with the
Saxons, who, whilst they spoke peace with their tongues, cheerished treachery in their
hearts, each man was placed next his enemy.
After they had eaten and drunk, and were much intoxicated, Hengist
suddenly vociferated, "Nimed eure Saxes!" and instantly his adherents drew their
knives, and rushing upon the Britons, each slew him that sat next to him, and there was
slain three hundred of the nobles of Vortigern.. The king being a captive, purchased his
redemption, by delivering up the three provinces of East, South, and Middle Sex, besides
other districts at the option of his betrayers.
47. St. Germanus admonished Vortigern to turn to the true God, and abstain
from all unlawful intercourse with his daughter; but the unhappy wretch fled for refuge to
the province Guorthegirnaim, so called from his own name, where he concealed himself with
his wives: but St. Germanus followed him with all the British clergy, and upon a rock
prayed for his sins during forty days and forty nights.
The blessed man was unanimously chosen commander against the Saxons. And
then, not by the clang of trumpets, but by praying, singing hallelujah, and by the cries
of the army to God, the enemies were routed, and driven even to the sea.
Again Vortigern ignominiously flew from St. Germanus to the kingdom of the
Dimetae, where, on the river Towy, he built a castle, which he named Cair Guothergirn. The
saint, as usual, followed him there, and with his clergy fasted and prayed to the Lord
three days, and as many nights. On the third night, at the third hour, fire fell suddenly
from heaven, and totally burned the castle. Vortigern, the daughter of Hengist, his other
wives, and all the inhabitants, both men and women, miserably perished: such was the end
of this unhappy king, as we find written in the life of St. Germanus.
48. Others assure us, that being hated by all the people of Britain, for
having received the Saxons, and being publicly charged by St. Germanus and the clergy in
the sight of God, he betook himself to flight; and, that deserted and a wanderer, he
sought a place of refuge, till broken hearted, he made an ignominious end.
Some accounts state, that the earth opened and swallowed him up, on the
night his castle was burned; as no remains were discovered the following morning, either
of him, or of those who were burned with him.
He had three sons: the eldest was Vortimer, who, as we have seen, fought
four times against the Saxons, and put them to flight; the second Categirn, who was slain
in the same battle with Horsa; the third was Pascent, who reigned in the two provinces
Builth and Guorthegirnaim, after the death of his father. These were granted him by
Ambrosius, who was the great king among the kings of Britain. The fourth was Faustus, born
of an incestuous marriage with his daughter, who was brought up and educated by St.
Germanus. He built a large monastery on the banks of the river Renis, called after his
name, and which remains to the present period.
49. This is the genealogy of Vortigern, which goes back to Fernvail, who
reigned in the kingdom of Guorthegirnaim, and was the son of Teudor; Teudor was the son of
Pascent; Pascent of Guoidcant; Guoidcant of Moriud; Moriud of Eltat; Eltate of Eldoc;
Eldoc of Paul; Paul of Meuprit; Meuprit of Braciat; Braciat of Pascent; Pascent of
Guorthegirn; Guorthegirn of Guortheneu; Guortheneu of Guitaul; Guitaul of Guitolion;
Guitolion of Gloui. Bonus, Paul, Mauron, Guotelin, were four brother, who built Gloiuda, a
great city upon the banks of the river Severn, and in British is called Cair Gloui, in
Saxon, Gloucester. Enough has been said of Vortigern.
50. St. Germanus, after his death, returned into his own country. At that
time, the Saxons greatly increased in Britain, both in strength and numbers. And Octa,
after the death of his father Hengist, came from the sinistral part of the island to the
kingdom of Kent, and from him have proceeded all the kings of that province, to the
present period.
Then it was, that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the kings and military
force of Britain, fought against the Saxons. And though there were many more noble than
himself, yet he was twelve times chosen their commander, and was as often conqueror. The
first battle in which he was engaged, was at the mouth of the river Gleni. The second,
third, fourth, and fifth, were on another river, by the Britons called Duglas, in the
region Linuis. The sixth, on the river Bassas. The seventh in the wood Celidon, which the
Britons call Cat Coit Celidon. The eighth was near Gurnion castle, where Arthur bore the
image of the Holy Virgin, mother of God, upon his shoulders, and through the power of our
Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to flight, and pursued them the whole
day with great slaughter. The ninth was at te City of Legion, which is called Cair Lion.
The tenth was on the banks of the river Trat Treuroit. The eleventh was on the mountain
Breguoin, which we call Cat Bregion. The twelfth was a most severe contest, when Arthur
penetrated to the hill of Badon. In this engagement, nine hundred and forty fell by his
hand alone, no one but the Lord affording him assistance. In all these engagements the
Britons were successful. For no strength can avail against the will of the Almighty.
The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they sought for new supplies
of Saxons from Germany; so that kings, commanders, and military bands were invited over
from almost every province. And this practice they continued till the reign of Ida, who
was the son of Eoppa, he, of the Saxon race, was the first king in Bernicia, and in Cair
Ebrauc (York).
When Gratian Aequantius was consul at Rome, because then the whole world
was governed by the Roman consuls, the Saxons were received by Vortigern in the year of
our Lord four hundred and forty-seven, and to the year in which we now write, five hundred
and forty-seven. And whosoever shall read herein may receive instruction, the Lord Jesus
Christ affording assistance, who, co-eternal with the Father and the Holy Ghost, lives and
reigns for ever and ever. Amen.
In those days Saint Patrick was a captive among the Scots. His master's
name was Milcho, to whom he was a swineherd for seven years. When he had attained the age
of seventeen he gave him his liberty. By the divine impulse, he applied himself to reading
of the Scriptures, and afterwards went to Rome; where, replenished with the Holy Spirit,
he continued a great while, studying the sacred mysteries of those writings. During his
continuance there, Palladius, the first bishop, was sent by pope Celesting to convert the
Scots {the Irish}. But tempests and signs from God prevented his landing, for no one can
arrive in any country, except it be allowed from above; altering therefore his course from
Ireland, he came to Britain and died in the land of the Picts.
51. The death of Palladius being known, the Roman patricians, Theodosius
and Valentinian, then reigning, pope Celestine sent Patrick to convert the Scots to the
faith of the Holy Trinity; Victor, the angel of God, accompanying, admonishing, and
assisting him, and also the bishop Germanus.
Germanus then sent the ancient Segerus with him as a venerable and
praisewowrthy bishop, to king Amatheus who lived near, and who had prescience of what was
to happen; he was consecrated bishop in the reign of that king by the hold pontiff,
assuming the name of Patrick, Having hitherto been know by that of Maun; Auxilius,
Isserninus, and other brothers were ordained with him to inferior degrees.
52. Having distributed benedictions, and perfected all in the name of the
Holy Trinity, he embarked on the sea which is between the Gauls and the Britons; and after
a quick passage arrived in Britain, where he preached for some time. Every necessary
preparation being made, and the angel giving him warning, he came to the Irish Sea. And
having filled the ship with foreign gifts and spiritual treasures, by the permission of
God he arrived in Ireland, where he baptized and preached.
53. From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year of king Logiore,
when the Irish were baptized, and faith in the unity of the individual Trinity was
published to them, are five thousand three-hundred and thirty years.
54. Saint Patrick taught the gospel in foreign nations for the space of
forty years. Endued with apostolical powers, he gave sight to the blind, cleansed the
lepers, gave hearing to the deaf, cast out devils, raised nine from the dead, redeemed
many captives of both sexes at his own charge, and set them free in the name of the Holy
Trinity. He taught the servants of God, and he wrote three hundred and sixty-five
canonical and other books relating to the catholic faith. he founded as many churches, and
consecrated the same number of bishops, strengthening them with the Holy Ghost He ordained
three thousand presbyters; and converted and baptized twelve thousand persons in the
province of Connaught. And, in one day baptized seven kings, who were the seven sons of
Amalgaid. He continued fasting forty days and nights, on the summit of the mountain Eli,
that is Cruachan-Aiichle; and preferred three petitions to God for the Irish, that had
embraced the faith.. The Scots say, the first was, that he would receive every repenting
sinner, even at the latest extremity of life; the second, that they should never be
exterminated by barbarians; and the third, that as Ireland will be overflowed with water,
seven years before the coming of our Lord to judge the quick and the dead, the crimes of
the people might be washed away through his intercession, and their souls purified at the
last day. He gave the people his benediction from the upper part of the mountain, and
going up higher, that he might pray for them; and that if it pleased God, he might see the
effects of his labours, there appeared to him an innumerable flock of birds of many
colours, signifying the number of holy persons of both sexes of the Irish nation, who
should come to him as their apostle at the day of judgment, to be presented before the
tribunal of Christ. After a life spent in the active exertion of good to mankind, St.
Patrick, in a healthy old age, passed from this world to the Lord, and changing this life
for a better, with the saints and elect of God he rejoices for evermore.
55. Saint Patrick resembled Moses in four particulars. The angel spoke to
him in the burning bush. He fasted forty days and forty nights upon the mountain. He
attained the period of one hundred and twenty years. No one knows his sepulchre, nor where
he was buried; sixteen years he was in captivity. In his twenty-fifth year, he was
consecrated bishop by Saint Matheus, and he was eighty-five years the apostle of the
Irish. It might be profitable to treat more at large of the life of this saint, but it is
now time to conclude this epitome of his labours. {Here ended the life of the holy bishop,
Saint Patrick.}
[Chap. 56 is not in the Giles translation. It is supplied here from the text
made availabel to the net by Alan Lupack [ALPK@db1.cc.rochester.edu] for the Camelot
Project]
56. At that time, the Saxons grew strong by virtue of their large number and increased
in power in Britain. Hengist having died, however, his son Octha crossed from the northern
part of Britain to the kingdom of Kent and from him are descended the kings of Kent. Then
Arthur along with the kings of Britain fought against them in those days, but Arthur
himself was the military commander ["dux bellorum"]. His first battle was at the
mouth of the river which is called Glein. His second, third, fourth, and fifth battles
were above another river which is called Dubglas and is in the region of Linnuis. The
sixth battle was above the river which is called Bassas. The seventh battle was in the
forest of Celidon, that is Cat Coit Celidon. The eighth battle was at the fortress of
Guinnion, in which Arthur carried the image of holy Mary ever virgin on his shoulders; and
the pagans were put to flight on that day. And through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ
and through the power of the blessed Virgin Mary his mother there was great slaughter
among them. The ninth battle was waged in the City of the Legion. The tenth battle was
waged on the banks of a river which is called Tribruit. The eleventh battle was fought on
the mountain which is called Agnet. The twelfth battle was on Mount Badon in which there
fell in one day 960 men from one charge by Arthur; and no one struck them down except
Arthur himself, and in all the wars he emerged as victor. And while they were being
defeated in all the battles, they were seeking assistance from Germany and their numbers
were being augmented many times over without interruption. And they brought over kings
from Germany that they might reign over them in Britain, right down to the time in which
Ida reigned, who was son of Eobba. He was the first king in Bernicia, i.e., in Berneich.
GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF BERNICIA.
57. Woden begat Beldeg, who begat Beornec, who begat Gethbrond, who begat
Aluson, who begat Ingwi, who begat Edibrith, who begat Esa, who begat Eoppa, who begat
Ida. But Ida had twelve sone, Adda, Belric Theodric, Thelric, Theodhere, Osmer, and one
queen Bearnoch, Ealric. Ethelric begat Ethelfrid: the same is AEdlfred Flesaur. For he
also had seven sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, Oswin, Oswy, Oswudu, Oslac, Offa. Oswy begat Alfrid,
Elfwin, and Egfrid. Egrid is he who made war against his cousin Brudei, king of the Picts,
and he fell therein with all the strength of his army and the Picts with their king gained
the victory; and the Saxons never again reduced the Picts so as to exact tribute from the.
Since the time of this war it is called Gueithlin Garan.
But Oswy had two wives, Riemmelth, the daughter of Royth, son of Rum; and
Eanfied, the daughter of Edwin, son of Alla.
THE GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF KENT.
58. Hengist begat Octa, who begat Ossa, who begat Eormenric, who begat
Ethelbert, who begat Eadbald, who begat Ercombert, who begat Egbert.
THE ORIGIN OF THE KINGS OF EAST-ANGLIA. 59. Wodeen begat Casser, who begat
Titinon, who begat Trigil, who begat Rodmunt, who begat Rippa, who begat Guillem Guercha,
who was the first king of the East Angles.
KINGS OF THE DEIRI.
Guercha begat Uffa, who begat Tytillus, who begat Eni, who begat Edric,
who begat Aldwulf, who begat Elric.
THE GENEALOGY OF THE MERCIANS.
60. Woden begat Guedolgeat, who begat Gueagon, who begat Guithleg, who
begat Guerdmund, who begat Ossa, who begat Ongen, who begat Eamer, who begat Pubba. This
Pubba had twelve sons, of whom two are better known to me than the others, that is Penda
and Eawa. Eadlit is the son of Pantha, Penda, son of Pubba, Ealbald, son of Alguing, son
of Eawa, son of Penda, son oof Pubba. Egfert, son of Offa, son of Thingferth, son of
Enwulf, son of Ossulf, son of Eawa, son of Pubba.
THE KINGS OF THE DEIRI
61. Woden begat Beldeg, Brond begat Siggar, who begat Sibald, who begat
Zegulf, who begat Soemil, who first separated Deur from Berneich (Deira from Bernicia.)
Soemil begat Sguerthing, who begat Giulglis, who begat Ulfrea, who begat Iffi, who begat
Ulli, Edwin, Osfrid, and Eanfrid. There were two sons of Edwin, who fell with him in
battle at Meicen, and the kingdom was never renewed in his family, because not one of his
race escaped from that war; but all were slain with him by the army of Catguollaunus, king
of the Guendota Oswy begat Egfrid, the same is Ailguin, who begat Oslach, who begat Alhun,
who begat Adlsing, who begat Echun, who begat Oslaph. Ida begat Eadric, who begat Ecgulf,
who begat Leodwald, who begat Eata, the same is Glinmaur, who begat Eadbert and Egbert,
who was the first bishop of their nation.
Ida, the son of Eoppa, possessed countries on the left-hand side of
Britain, i.e. of the Humbrian sea, and reigned twelve years, and united Dynguayth
Guarth-Berneich
62. Then Dutigirn at that time fought bravely against the nation of the
Angles. At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen was famed for poetry, and Neirin, and Taliesin
and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is called Guenith Guaut, were all famous at the same time in
British poetry.
The great king, Mailcun, reigned among the Britons, i.e. in the district
of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather, Cunedda, with his twelve sons, had come
before from the left-hand part, i.e. from the country which is called Manau Gustodin, one
hundred and forty-six years before Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots with much
slaughter from those countries, and they never returned again to inhabit them.
63. Adda, son of Ida, reigned eight years; Ethelric, son of Adda, reigned
four years. Theodoric, son of Ida, reigned seven years. Freothwulf reigned six years. In
whose time the kingdom of Kent, by the mission of Gregory, received baptism Hussa reigned
seven years. Against him fought four kings, Urien, and Ryderthen, and Gualllauc, and
Morcant. Theodoric fought bravely, together with his sons, against that Urien. But at that
time sometimes the enemy and sometimes our countrymen were defeated, and he shut them up
three days and three nights in the island of Metcaut; and whilst he was on an expedition
he was murdered, at the instance of Morcant, out of envy, because he possessed so much
superiority over all the kings in military science. Eadfered Flesaurs reigned twelve years
in Bernicia, and twelve others in Deira, and gave to his wife Bebba, the town of
Dynguoaroy, which from her is called Bebbanburg.
Edwin, son of Alla, reigned seventeen years, seized on Elmete, and
Expelled Cerdic, its king. Eanfied, his daughter, received baptism, on the twelfth day
after Pentecost, with all her followers, both men and women. The following Easter Edwin
himself received baptism, and twelve thousand of his subjects with him. If any one wishes
to know who baptized them, it was Rum Map Urbgen: he was engaged forty days in baptizing
all classes of the Saxons, and by his preaching many believed on Christ.
64. Oswald son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years; the same is Oswald
Llauiguin; he slew Catgublaun (Cadwalla), king of Guenedot, in the battle of Catscaul,
with much loss to his own army. Oswy, son of Ethelfrid, reigned twenty-eight years and six
months. During his reign, there was a dreadful mortality among his subjects, when
Catgualart (Cadwallader) was king among the Britons, succeeding his father, and he himself
died amongst the rest. He slew Penda in the field of Gai, and now took place the slaughter
of Gai Campi, and the kings of the Britons, who went out with Penda on the expedition as
far as the city of Judeu, were slain.
65. Then Oswy restored all the wealth, which was with him in the city, to
Penda; who distributed it among the kings of the Britons, that is, Atbert Judeu. But
Catgabail alone, king of Guenedot, rising up in the night, escaped together with his army,
wherefore he was called Catgabail Catguommed. Egfrid, son of Oswy, reigned nine years. In
his time the holy bishop Cuthbert died in the island of Medcaut. It was he who made war
against the Picts, and was by them slain.
Penda, son of Pybba, reigned ten years; he first separated the kingdom of
Mercia from that of the North-men, and slew by treachery Anna, king of the East Anglians,
and St. Oswald, king of the North-men. He fought the battle of Cocboy, in which fell Eawa,
son of Pybba, his brother, king of the Mercians, and Oswald, king of the North-men, and he
gained the victory by diabolical agency. He was not baptized, and never believed in God.
66. From the beginning of the world to Constantinus and Rufus, are found
to be five thousand six hundred and fifty-eight year.
Also from the two consuls, Rufus and Rubelius, to the consul Stilicho, are
three hundred and seventy-three years.
Also from Stilicho to Valentinian, son of Placida, and the reign of
Vortigern, are twenty-eight years.
And from the reign of Vortigern to the quarrel between Guitolinus and
Ambrosius, are twelve years, which is Guolopum, that is Catgwaloph. Vortigern reigned in
Britain when Theodosius and Valentinian were consuls, and in the fourth year of his reign
the Saxons came to Britain, in the consulship of Feliz and Taurus, in the four hundredth
year from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.
From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, and were received by
Vortigern, to the time of Decius and Valerian, are sixty-nine years.
[This is where the etext of the Giles translation ends. Chap. 73 is supplied
here from the text made availabel to the net by Alan Lupack
[ALPK@db1.cc.rochester.edu] for the Camelot Project]
There is another marvel in the region which is called Buelt. There is a mound of stones
there and one stone placed above the pile with the pawprint of a dog in it. When Cabal,
who was the dog of Arthur the soldier, was hunting the boar Troynt, he impressed his print
in the stone, and afterwards Arthur assembled a stone mound under the stone with the print
of his dog, and it is called the Carn Cabal. And men come and remove the stone in their
hands for the length of a day and a night; and on the next day it is found on top of its
mound.
There is another wonder in the region which is called Ercing. A tomb is located there
next to a spring which is called Licat Amr; and the name of the man who is buried in the
tomb was called thus: Amr. He was the son of Arthur the soldier, and Arthur himself killed
and buried him in that very place. And men come to measure the grave and find it sometimes
six feet in length, sometimes nine, sometimes twelve, sometimes fifteen. At whatever
length you might measure it at one time, a second time you will not find it to have the
same length--and I myself have put this to the test.
Source.
Six Old English Chronicles. ed. J. A. Giles. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1848.
This text is part of the Internet
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© Paul Halsall, August 1998
halsall@murray.fordham.edu
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